Synopsis
The report provides top-level market analysis, information and insights into the Indonesian packaging industry, including:
• Current, historic and forecast values and trends for the Indonesian packaging industry, including individual categories
• Comprehensive, country-specific analysis of the industry’s market attractiveness, covering key trends and drivers, Indonesia’s competitive landscape and benchmarking with other key markets
• Description and analysis of the packaging categories and end-user markets for the overall packaging industry
• Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of all individual categories and the overall packaging industry
The Indonesian packaging industry registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the review period (2007–2011), and valued US$7.5 billion in 2011. The food and beverage end-user market accounted for 67% of the total Indonesian packaging industry value in 2011, making it the largest end user of packaging in Indonesia. While Jakarta has a large demand for Indonesian food products, the country’s main food processing activity is concentrated around Java. The Indonesian packaging industry is expected to register a higher CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period (2012–2016), to reach a value of US$9.6 billion in 2016.
Scope
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the packaging industry in Indonesia:
• It provides historical values for the Indonesian packaging industry for the report’s 2007–2011 review period and forecast figures for the 2012–2016 forecast period
• It offers a detailed analysis of the key categories in Indonesia’s packaging industry, along with market forecasts until 2016
• It details the different macroeconomic factors affecting the packaging industry in Indonesia
• It covers an exhaustive summary of the key trends and drivers affecting end-user markets in packaging
• Using Porter’s industry-standard “Five Forces” analysis, the report details the competitive landscape in Indonesia for the packaging industry
• It outlines the current regulatory framework in the industry
Reasons To Buy
• Make strategic business decisions using top-level historic and forecast market data related to the Indonesian packaging industry and each category within it
• Understand the key market trends and growth opportunities within the Indonesian packaging industry
• Assess the competitive dynamics in the packaging industry
• Identify the growth opportunities and industry dynamics within five key packaging categories
• Gain insights into key regulations governing the Indonesian packaging industry
Key Highlights
• The Indonesian packaging industry registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the review period (2007–2011), and valued US$7.5 billion in 2011.
• The Indonesian packaging industry has the potential to undertake rapid expansion activities during the forecast period, which will be driven by the country’s expanding population.
• The food and beverage end-user market, which generated 67% of the total packaging market value, is expected to drive packaging industry growth during the forecast period.
• In 2010, paper and board packaging valued US$1.85 billion, and accounted for 25% of the total Indonesian packaging industry.
• Rigid plastic is currently the largest packaging category in the country, with a value of US$1.88 billion in 2011.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Future Growth Potential of Packaging in Indonesia
2.1 Indonesian Packaging Industry Overview
2.2 Indonesian Packaging Industry Future Outlook
2.3 Indonesian Packaging Material Size
2.4 Indonesia Packaging Material Market Size by Category
2.4.1 Paper and board packaging
2.4.2 Flexible plastic packaging
2.4.3 Rigid plastic packaging
2.4.4 Metal packaging
2.4.5 Glass packaging
2.5 Indonesia Packaging Machinery Market Size
3 Indonesian Packaging Industry Benchmarking
3.1 Ranking Against Global Packaging Markets
3.2 Global Packaging Market Growth Potential
3.3 Market Share in Paper and Board Packaging
3.4 Market Share in Flexible Plastic
3.5 Market Share in Rigid Plastic
3.6 Market Share in Metal Packaging
3.7 Market Share in Glass Packaging
4 Market Environment, Growth Drivers and Challenges
4.1 Macroeconomic Factors
4.1.1 GDP growth
4.1.2 Annual Disposable Income
4.1.3 Inflation rate
4.2 Regulatory Environment
4.3 Key End-User Market Drivers
4.3.1 End user market growth
4.3.2 Food and beverage market
4.3.3 Pharmaceutical market
4.4 Emerging Business Strategy Trends
4.4.1 New food contact packaging legislation in 2007
4.4.2 Strong growth in flexible plastic packaging to attract investment
4.5 Key Challenges
4.5.1 Competition from cheap ASEAN imports
4.5.2 Indonesia’s unattractiveness as an investment destination
5 Indonesian Packaging Trade Dynamics
5.1 Trade Dynamics – Overview
5.2 Packaging Import-Export: Segment Analysis
5.2.1 Paper and board packaging
5.2.2 Rigid and flexible plastic packaging
5.2.3 Aluminum packaging
5.2.4 Glass packaging
5.2.5 Packaging machinery
6 Industry Structure and Competitive Landscape
6.1 Competitive Landscape: Overview
6.1.1 Local companies dominate Indonesian packaging industry
6.2 Industry Dynamics: Five Forces Analysis
6.3 Five Forces Analysis: Paper and Board
6.3.1 Bargaining power of supplier: high
6.3.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.3.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.3.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.3.5 Threat of substitution: low to medium
6.4 Five Forces Analysis: Flexible Plastic
6.4.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.4.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.4.3 Barriers to entry: low
6.4.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.4.5 Threat of substitution: low
6.5 Five Forces Analysis: Rigid Plastic
6.5.1 Bargaining power of supplier: high
6.5.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium to high
6.5.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.5.4 Intensity of rivalry: medium
6.5.5 Threat of substitution: medium
6.6 Five Forces Analysis: Metal Packaging
6.6.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.6.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.6.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.6.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.6.5 Threat of substitution: medium to high
6.7 Five Forces Analysis: Glass
6.7.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.7.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium to high
6.7.3 Barrier to entry: low to medium
6.7.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.7.5 Threat of substitution: medium
7 Appendix
7.1 About BRICdata
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Definitions
7.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 2: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 3: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 4: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 5: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 6: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 7: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 8: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 9: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 10: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 11: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 12: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 13: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2007-2011
Table 14: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2012-2016
Table 15: Indonesian GDP Value at Constant Prices (US$ Billion), 2007-2016 (Base Year 1999-2000)
Table 16: Indonesian Annual Disposable Income (US$ Billion), 2007-2016
Table 17: Indonesian Inflation Rate (%), 2007-2016
Table 18: Indonesian Packaging Industry Breakdown by End-User Market (% Share), 2011
Table 19: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 20: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 21: Investment in Flexible Plastic Packaging by Key Companies
Table 22: Indonesian Packaging Export Market by Packaging Category (US$ Million), 2010
Table 23: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 24: Indonesian Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 25: Indonesian Aluminum Foil Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 26: Indonesian Glass Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 27: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 28: Competitive Landscape of the Indonesian Packaging Industry
List of Figures
Figure 1: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 2: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 3: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 4: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 5: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 6: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 7: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 8: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 9: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 10: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 11: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 12: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 13: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2007-2011
Figure 14: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2012-2016
Figure 15: Benchmarking with Key Global Markets (US$ Billion), 2011 vs 2016
Figure 16: Top Global Markets by Future Packaging Industry Growth (%), 2012-2016
Figure 17: Paper and Board Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 18: Flexible Plastic Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 19: Rigid Plastic Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 20: Metal Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 21: Glass Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 22:Indonesian GDP Value at Constant Prices (US$ Billion), 2007-2016 (Base Year 1999-2000)
Figure 23: Indonesian Annual Disposable Income (US$ Billion), 2007-2016
Figure 24: Indonesian Inflation Rate (%), 2007-2016
Figure 25: Indonesian Packaging Industry Breakdown by End-user Markets (% Share), 2011
Figure 26: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 27: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 28: Indonesian Packaging Export Market by Packaging Category (% Share), 2010
Figure 29: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 30: Indonesian Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 31: Indonesian Aluminum Foil Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 32: Indonesian Glass Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 33: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 34: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Paper and Board Packaging
Figure 35: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Flexible Plastic Packaging
Figure 36: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Rigid Plastic Packaging
Figure 37: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Metal Packaging
Figure 38: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Glass Packaging
The report provides top-level market analysis, information and insights into the Indonesian packaging industry, including:
• Current, historic and forecast values and trends for the Indonesian packaging industry, including individual categories
• Comprehensive, country-specific analysis of the industry’s market attractiveness, covering key trends and drivers, Indonesia’s competitive landscape and benchmarking with other key markets
• Description and analysis of the packaging categories and end-user markets for the overall packaging industry
• Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of all individual categories and the overall packaging industry
Indonesia Packaging Market Outlook
Executive SummaryThe Indonesian packaging industry registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the review period (2007–2011), and valued US$7.5 billion in 2011. The food and beverage end-user market accounted for 67% of the total Indonesian packaging industry value in 2011, making it the largest end user of packaging in Indonesia. While Jakarta has a large demand for Indonesian food products, the country’s main food processing activity is concentrated around Java. The Indonesian packaging industry is expected to register a higher CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period (2012–2016), to reach a value of US$9.6 billion in 2016.
Scope
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the packaging industry in Indonesia:
• It provides historical values for the Indonesian packaging industry for the report’s 2007–2011 review period and forecast figures for the 2012–2016 forecast period
• It offers a detailed analysis of the key categories in Indonesia’s packaging industry, along with market forecasts until 2016
• It details the different macroeconomic factors affecting the packaging industry in Indonesia
• It covers an exhaustive summary of the key trends and drivers affecting end-user markets in packaging
• Using Porter’s industry-standard “Five Forces” analysis, the report details the competitive landscape in Indonesia for the packaging industry
• It outlines the current regulatory framework in the industry
Reasons To Buy
• Make strategic business decisions using top-level historic and forecast market data related to the Indonesian packaging industry and each category within it
• Understand the key market trends and growth opportunities within the Indonesian packaging industry
• Assess the competitive dynamics in the packaging industry
• Identify the growth opportunities and industry dynamics within five key packaging categories
• Gain insights into key regulations governing the Indonesian packaging industry
Key Highlights
• The Indonesian packaging industry registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the review period (2007–2011), and valued US$7.5 billion in 2011.
• The Indonesian packaging industry has the potential to undertake rapid expansion activities during the forecast period, which will be driven by the country’s expanding population.
• The food and beverage end-user market, which generated 67% of the total packaging market value, is expected to drive packaging industry growth during the forecast period.
• In 2010, paper and board packaging valued US$1.85 billion, and accounted for 25% of the total Indonesian packaging industry.
• Rigid plastic is currently the largest packaging category in the country, with a value of US$1.88 billion in 2011.
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Future Growth Potential of Packaging in Indonesia
2.1 Indonesian Packaging Industry Overview
2.2 Indonesian Packaging Industry Future Outlook
2.3 Indonesian Packaging Material Size
2.4 Indonesia Packaging Material Market Size by Category
2.4.1 Paper and board packaging
2.4.2 Flexible plastic packaging
2.4.3 Rigid plastic packaging
2.4.4 Metal packaging
2.4.5 Glass packaging
2.5 Indonesia Packaging Machinery Market Size
3 Indonesian Packaging Industry Benchmarking
3.1 Ranking Against Global Packaging Markets
3.2 Global Packaging Market Growth Potential
3.3 Market Share in Paper and Board Packaging
3.4 Market Share in Flexible Plastic
3.5 Market Share in Rigid Plastic
3.6 Market Share in Metal Packaging
3.7 Market Share in Glass Packaging
4 Market Environment, Growth Drivers and Challenges
4.1 Macroeconomic Factors
4.1.1 GDP growth
4.1.2 Annual Disposable Income
4.1.3 Inflation rate
4.2 Regulatory Environment
4.3 Key End-User Market Drivers
4.3.1 End user market growth
4.3.2 Food and beverage market
4.3.3 Pharmaceutical market
4.4 Emerging Business Strategy Trends
4.4.1 New food contact packaging legislation in 2007
4.4.2 Strong growth in flexible plastic packaging to attract investment
4.5 Key Challenges
4.5.1 Competition from cheap ASEAN imports
4.5.2 Indonesia’s unattractiveness as an investment destination
5 Indonesian Packaging Trade Dynamics
5.1 Trade Dynamics – Overview
5.2 Packaging Import-Export: Segment Analysis
5.2.1 Paper and board packaging
5.2.2 Rigid and flexible plastic packaging
5.2.3 Aluminum packaging
5.2.4 Glass packaging
5.2.5 Packaging machinery
6 Industry Structure and Competitive Landscape
6.1 Competitive Landscape: Overview
6.1.1 Local companies dominate Indonesian packaging industry
6.2 Industry Dynamics: Five Forces Analysis
6.3 Five Forces Analysis: Paper and Board
6.3.1 Bargaining power of supplier: high
6.3.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.3.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.3.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.3.5 Threat of substitution: low to medium
6.4 Five Forces Analysis: Flexible Plastic
6.4.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.4.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.4.3 Barriers to entry: low
6.4.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.4.5 Threat of substitution: low
6.5 Five Forces Analysis: Rigid Plastic
6.5.1 Bargaining power of supplier: high
6.5.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium to high
6.5.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.5.4 Intensity of rivalry: medium
6.5.5 Threat of substitution: medium
6.6 Five Forces Analysis: Metal Packaging
6.6.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.6.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium
6.6.3 Barriers to entry: medium
6.6.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.6.5 Threat of substitution: medium to high
6.7 Five Forces Analysis: Glass
6.7.1 Bargaining power of supplier: medium
6.7.2 Bargaining power of buyer: medium to high
6.7.3 Barrier to entry: low to medium
6.7.4 Intensity of rivalry: high
6.7.5 Threat of substitution: medium
7 Appendix
7.1 About BRICdata
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Definitions
7.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 2: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 3: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 4: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 5: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 6: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 7: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 8: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 9: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 10: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 11: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 12: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 13: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2007-2011
Table 14: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2012-2016
Table 15: Indonesian GDP Value at Constant Prices (US$ Billion), 2007-2016 (Base Year 1999-2000)
Table 16: Indonesian Annual Disposable Income (US$ Billion), 2007-2016
Table 17: Indonesian Inflation Rate (%), 2007-2016
Table 18: Indonesian Packaging Industry Breakdown by End-User Market (% Share), 2011
Table 19: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Table 20: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Table 21: Investment in Flexible Plastic Packaging by Key Companies
Table 22: Indonesian Packaging Export Market by Packaging Category (US$ Million), 2010
Table 23: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 24: Indonesian Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 25: Indonesian Aluminum Foil Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 26: Indonesian Glass Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 27: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Table 28: Competitive Landscape of the Indonesian Packaging Industry
List of Figures
Figure 1: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 2: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by Category (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 3: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 4: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 5: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 6: Indonesian Flexible Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 7: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 8: Indonesian Rigid Plastic Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 9: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 10: Indonesian Metal Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 11: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 12: Indonesian Glass Packaging Market Size (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 13: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2007-2011
Figure 14: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Market Size (US$ Million), 2012-2016
Figure 15: Benchmarking with Key Global Markets (US$ Billion), 2011 vs 2016
Figure 16: Top Global Markets by Future Packaging Industry Growth (%), 2012-2016
Figure 17: Paper and Board Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 18: Flexible Plastic Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 19: Rigid Plastic Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 20: Metal Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 21: Glass Packaging Category by Country as a Percentage of the Global Market (%), 2011
Figure 22:Indonesian GDP Value at Constant Prices (US$ Billion), 2007-2016 (Base Year 1999-2000)
Figure 23: Indonesian Annual Disposable Income (US$ Billion), 2007-2016
Figure 24: Indonesian Inflation Rate (%), 2007-2016
Figure 25: Indonesian Packaging Industry Breakdown by End-user Markets (% Share), 2011
Figure 26: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2007-2011
Figure 27: Indonesian Packaging Industry Size by End-User Market (US$ Billion), 2012-2016
Figure 28: Indonesian Packaging Export Market by Packaging Category (% Share), 2010
Figure 29: Indonesian Paper and Board Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 30: Indonesian Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 31: Indonesian Aluminum Foil Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 32: Indonesian Glass Packaging Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 33: Indonesian Packaging Machinery Import and Export Trends (US$ Million), 2006-2010
Figure 34: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Paper and Board Packaging
Figure 35: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Flexible Plastic Packaging
Figure 36: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Rigid Plastic Packaging
Figure 37: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Metal Packaging
Figure 38: Indonesian Packaging Industry Dynamics: Glass Packaging
